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Informal Organizations

• A model for the evolution of informal organizations (communities of practice) with a mechanism for adaptation to changes based on dynamical instability:
  B. A. Huberman and T. Hogg, Communities of Practice: Performance and Evolution, 1994
• A system that uses communities of practice for cooperative filtering and sharing of information:
  B. A. Huberman and M. Kaminsky, Beehive: A System for Filtering and Sharing Information, 1996
• Allowing individuals to move within an organization, can promote higher levels of cooperation:
  N. S. Glance and B. A. Huberman, Organizational Fluidity and Sustainable Cooperation, 1994
• Organizations learn by doing. For a theory see:
  B. A. Huberman, The Dynamics of Organizatonal Learning, 1996.